Charting Parenthood: A Statistical Portrait of Fathers and Mothers in America

Appendix A:
Data Dictionary

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Data Source Descriptions

Data tables in this report have been pulled from thirteen nationally-representative data sources. This section presents both general and detailed information about each data source to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the data presented in this book. Definitions apply to data presented in this book only, not the capability of the data set as a whole.

General information on each data source is provided, including the funder, principal investigator(s), the design of the survey, population, and sample selection. Information specific to the data presented in this book is also provided, including the unit of analysis, estimate restrictions, age of the respondent, and age of the child. In this book we have attempted to show the data in a consistent, comparable format across data sets. As such, data is presented for several standard demographic breaks. These breaks and their descriptions are provided in the table below. In those cases where the standard definitions do not apply or where further clarification is required to accurately define the data that is presented from a particular data source, more detail is provided in the section titled "unique demographic definitions." Finally, a list of the indicators from each data set is provided.

It is important to note that the reference period for each data set varies. For example, depending on the survey, respondents may be asked how many hours they worked in the last week, month, or year. Data are presented to reflect the status during the reference year, unless otherwise noted.

Demographic Break
Standard Description Standard Breaks

Race
Race of the respondent White non-Hispanic
Black non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Asian/Pacific Islander
American Indian/Alaskan Native

Poverty
Poverty measures compare the respondent report of household income to the official U.S. poverty thresholds for household size based on the year of survey. Poor (0-99% of poverty)
Extreme poverty (at 50% or less)
Nonpoor
100 to 199% of poverty
200 to 299% of poverty
300% or more of poverty

Parental Status
This measure varies across data sets. This demographic break may describe whether the respondent has ever had a child or whether the respondent lives with a child. In most cases, a respondent is considered a parent if they live with one or more of their own children under age 18. See unique demographic definitions to determine how parent was defined for each data set. Resident parent
Nonparent

Age of Respondent
Age of respondent at time of survey 18 to 24 years old (or Under 25 years old)
25 to 44 years old
45 years and older

Age of Child
Age of child(ren) referenced for the particular indicator. This is provided only if a question is asked about a specific child. 0 to 2 years old
3 to 5 years old
6 to 9 years old
10 to 12 years old

Marital Status
Current marital status of respondent Currently married
Not currently married

Family Structure
Number of parents living in household with a child One parent
Two parent

Educational Attainment
Highest level of educational attainment at time of survey Less than high school
High school diploma or GED
Vocational/technical or some college
College graduate

Employment Status
Average number of hours worked per week in the reference period Not in labor force
Looking for work
Less than 35 hours per week
35 hours or more per week

Demographic Break	Standard Description	Standard Breaks
Race	Race of the respondent	White non-Hispanic Black non-Hispanic Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaskan Native
Poverty	Poverty measures compare the respondent report of household income to the official U.S. poverty thresholds for household size based on the year of survey.	Poor (0-99% of poverty) Extreme poverty (at 50% or less) Nonpoor 100 to 199% of poverty 200 to 299% of poverty 300% or more of poverty
Parental Status	This measure varies across data sets. This demographic break may describe whether the respondent has ever had a child or whether the respondent lives with a child. In most cases, a respondent is considered a parent if they live with one or more of their own children under age 18. See unique demographic definitions to determine how parent was defined for each data set.	Resident parent Nonparent
Age of Respondent	Age of respondent at time of survey	18 to 24 years old (or Under 25 years old) 25 to 44 years old 45 years and older
Age of Child	Age of child(ren) referenced for the particular indicator. This is provided only if a question is asked about a specific child.	0 to 2 years old 3 to 5 years old 6 to 9 years old 10 to 12 years old
Marital Status	Current marital status of respondent	Currently married Not currently married
Family Structure	Number of parents living in household with a child	One parent Two parent
Educational Attainment	Highest level of educational attainment at time of survey	Less than high school High school diploma or GED Vocational/technical or some college College graduate
Employment Status	Average number of hours worked per week in the reference period	Not in labor force Looking for work Less than 35 hours per week 35 hours or more per week

Current Population Survey (CPS)

Name:
Current Population Survey (CPS)

Funder(s):
The core survey is funded by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The supplements are also funded by a variety of sponsors including the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Education, and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Principal Investigator:
U.S. Bureau of the Census

General Description:
The CPS is primarily designed to supply estimates of employment, unemployment and other characteristics of the general labor force, the population as a whole, and various subgroups of the population. In addition to collection of labor force data, the CPS's basic funding provides annual data on work experience, income, and migration (the annual March income and demographic supplement), and school enrollment of the population (the October supplement). Other supplements are conducted including the child support and alimony supplement (April), the fertility and birth expectations supplement (June), and the supplement on the immunization status of the population (most recently collected in September 1995).

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Cross-sectional; The CPS has been conducted monthly since 1942. The fieldwork is conducted during the calendar week that includes the 19th of the month. In January 1994 a redesigned questionnaire was introduced for the development of official CPS estimates. This was the most substantial change to the survey since its inception. This new survey included longer and more detailed questions allowing for more accurate and detailed estimates. The CPS questionnaire is a completely computerized document that is administered by Census Bureau field representatives across the country through both personal and telephone interviews. Households are in the survey for four consecutive months, out for eight, and then return for another four months before leaving the sample permanently.

Population:
The CPS is representative of the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the U.S.

Sample Selection and Description:
The CPS is administered using a scientifically selected sample of some 50,000 occupied households nationwide. The CPS design over-sampled for Hispanics only. (For more detail see Design and Methodology: http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/tp63rv.pdf)

Website:
http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/cpsmain.htm

Unit of Analysis:
Data are collected for all household members. Employment and earnings information are collected for persons ages 15 and over, but tabulated for all persons 16 and over. One member of each household contacted is the respondent, and this individual must be a knowledgeable household member 15 years or older.

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on a weighted denominator (row size) less than 75,000 are not reported.

Age of Respondent:
Respondents are 15 years and older. It is this primary respondent who provides information for each household member. No upper age limit is used, and full-time students are treated the same as non-students. For this report the age of the adult population is 18 years and older.

Age of Child:
0 to 17 years old

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Parental Status -
Parent is defined as an adult living with one or more of their own children under age 18. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.

Poverty-
Families and unrelated individuals are classified as being above or below the poverty level using an adjusting index that takes into account family size, number of children, and age of the family householder or unrelated individual. The poverty cutoffs are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index. For a more detailed explanation please see Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 154, Money, Income, and Poverty Status of Persons in the U.S.: 1988.

Employment -
Respondents are classified as full time if they worked 35 or more hours per week during a majority of the weeks in which they worked during the year. Respondents are classified as part-time if they worked less than 35 hours per week for a majority of the weeks worked during the year. Respondents classified as looking for work are those persons during the survey week who have no employment but are available for work, and satisfy one or more of the three following conditions: 1) have sought a job in the last 4 weeks, 2) are waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, or 3) are waiting to report to a new job within 30 days. All respondents who lack employment and who fail to meet the criteria of unemployment "looking for work" outlined above are classified as not in labor force.

Cohabitation -
Cohabitation was coded using adjusted persons of the opposite sex sharing living quarters (POSSLQ). Households with a reference person and 1) one other adult (age 15+) of the opposite sex who is not in a related subfamily, not a secondary individual in group quarters, and not related to, or a foster child of, the reference person; and 2) no other adults (age 15+) except foster children, children or other relatives of the reference person, or children of unrelated subfamilies. See Casper, L.M., Cohen, P.N. & Simmons, T. (1999, May). How does POSSLQ measure up?: Historical estimates of cohabitation (Population Division Working Paper No. 36). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
Who is a Parent?
P19 - Child Custody Arrangements
P20 - Contact With Non-Resident parent
P21 - Earnings and Income
P22 - Receipt of Child Support
FF1 - Marriage
FF4 - Characteristics of Current Spouse
FF6 - Cohabitation Status
FF8 - Characteristics of Current Partner

Name:	Current Population Survey (CPS)
Funder(s):	The core survey is funded by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The supplements are also funded by a variety of sponsors including the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Education, and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
Principal Investigator:	U.S. Bureau of the Census
General Description:	The CPS is primarily designed to supply estimates of employment, unemployment and other characteristics of the general labor force, the population as a whole, and various subgroups of the population. In addition to collection of labor force data, the CPS's basic funding provides annual data on work experience, income, and migration (the annual March income and demographic supplement), and school enrollment of the population (the October supplement). Other supplements are conducted including the child support and alimony supplement (April), the fertility and birth expectations supplement (June), and the supplement on the immunization status of the population (most recently collected in September 1995).
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Cross-sectional; The CPS has been conducted monthly since 1942. The fieldwork is conducted during the calendar week that includes the 19th of the month. In January 1994 a redesigned questionnaire was introduced for the development of official CPS estimates. This was the most substantial change to the survey since its inception. This new survey included longer and more detailed questions allowing for more accurate and detailed estimates. The CPS questionnaire is a completely computerized document that is administered by Census Bureau field representatives across the country through both personal and telephone interviews. Households are in the survey for four consecutive months, out for eight, and then return for another four months before leaving the sample permanently.
Population:	The CPS is representative of the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the U.S.
Sample Selection and Description:	The CPS is administered using a scientifically selected sample of some 50,000 occupied households nationwide. The CPS design over-sampled for Hispanics only. (For more detail see Design and Methodology: http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/tp63rv.pdf)
Website:	http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/cpsmain.htm
Unit of Analysis:	Data are collected for all household members. Employment and earnings information are collected for persons ages 15 and over, but tabulated for all persons 16 and over. One member of each household contacted is the respondent, and this individual must be a knowledgeable household member 15 years or older.
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on a weighted denominator (row size) less than 75,000 are not reported.
Age of Respondent:	Respondents are 15 years and older. It is this primary respondent who provides information for each household member. No upper age limit is used, and full-time students are treated the same as non-students. For this report the age of the adult population is 18 years and older.
Age of Child:	0 to 17 years old
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Parental Status -	Parent is defined as an adult living with one or more of their own children under age 18. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.
Poverty-	Families and unrelated individuals are classified as being above or below the poverty level using an adjusting index that takes into account family size, number of children, and age of the family householder or unrelated individual. The poverty cutoffs are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index. For a more detailed explanation please see Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 154, Money, Income, and Poverty Status of Persons in the U.S.: 1988.
Employment -	Respondents are classified as full time if they worked 35 or more hours per week during a majority of the weeks in which they worked during the year. Respondents are classified as part-time if they worked less than 35 hours per week for a majority of the weeks worked during the year. Respondents classified as looking for work are those persons during the survey week who have no employment but are available for work, and satisfy one or more of the three following conditions: 1) have sought a job in the last 4 weeks, 2) are waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, or 3) are waiting to report to a new job within 30 days. All respondents who lack employment and who fail to meet the criteria of unemployment "looking for work" outlined above are classified as not in labor force.
Cohabitation -	Cohabitation was coded using adjusted persons of the opposite sex sharing living quarters (POSSLQ). Households with a reference person and 1) one other adult (age 15+) of the opposite sex who is not in a related subfamily, not a secondary individual in group quarters, and not related to, or a foster child of, the reference person; and 2) no other adults (age 15+) except foster children, children or other relatives of the reference person, or children of unrelated subfamilies. See Casper, L.M., Cohen, P.N. & Simmons, T. (1999, May). How does POSSLQ measure up?: Historical estimates of cohabitation (Population Division Working Paper No. 36). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	Who is a Parent? P19 - Child Custody Arrangements P20 - Contact With Non-Resident parent P21 - Earnings and Income P22 - Receipt of Child Support FF1 - Marriage FF4 - Characteristics of Current Spouse FF6 - Cohabitation Status FF8 - Characteristics of Current Partner

Gallup Child Abuse Survey

Name:
Gallup Child Abuse Survey

Funder(s):
Gallup Organization

Principal Investigator:
Murray Straus, Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824

General Description:
The Child Abuse Survey is part of the Gallup Organization's National Social Audit Program. The overall purpose of this study was to measure the incidence of family violence nationally and look at the underlying causes of child abuse and family violence.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Cross-sectional; The Gallup Child Abuse Survey was conducted in 1995 via a one-time telephone survey.

Population:
The Gallup Child Abuse Study represents households with one or more children under age 18 living in the household.

Sample Selection and Description: Telephone numbers were randomly selected to ensure all telephone households in continental U.S. have equal probability of selection. In two-parent households, one parent was randomly selected for the interview. In multi-child households, one child was randomly identified, and a parent of that child interviewed. There were 1,000 parents in the sample.

Website:
www.unh.edu/frl

Unit of Analysis:
Parents

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on row sizes less than 20 are not reported.

Age of Respondent:
Respondents range from 18 to 72 years old

Age of Child:
Under age 18

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Parental Status -
Parent is defined as an adult having one or more children under age 18 living in the household. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.

Family Structure -
Presented in terms of the number of parents living in the household with the child.

Poverty -
Poverty status can not be created for this data set due to income being categorical, not continuous. Income ranges are reported instead.

Employment -
No employment variable available.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
P12 - Incidence of Harsh Punishment, Violence, Abuse

Name:	Gallup Child Abuse Survey
Funder(s):	Gallup Organization
Principal Investigator:	Murray Straus, Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
General Description:	The Child Abuse Survey is part of the Gallup Organization's National Social Audit Program. The overall purpose of this study was to measure the incidence of family violence nationally and look at the underlying causes of child abuse and family violence.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Cross-sectional; The Gallup Child Abuse Survey was conducted in 1995 via a one-time telephone survey.
Population:	The Gallup Child Abuse Study represents households with one or more children under age 18 living in the household.
Sample Selection and Description:	Telephone numbers were randomly selected to ensure all telephone households in continental U.S. have equal probability of selection. In two-parent households, one parent was randomly selected for the interview. In multi-child households, one child was randomly identified, and a parent of that child interviewed. There were 1,000 parents in the sample.
Website:	www.unh.edu/frl
Unit of Analysis:	Parents
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on row sizes less than 20 are not reported.
Age of Respondent:	Respondents range from 18 to 72 years old
Age of Child:	Under age 18
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Parental Status -	Parent is defined as an adult having one or more children under age 18 living in the household. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.
Family Structure -	Presented in terms of the number of parents living in the household with the child.
Poverty -	Poverty status can not be created for this data set due to income being categorical, not continuous. Income ranges are reported instead.
Employment -	No employment variable available.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	P12 - Incidence of Harsh Punishment, Violence, Abuse

General Social Survey (GSS)

Name:
General Social Survey (GSS)

Funder(s):
National Science Foundation

Principal Investigator:
James A. Davis (NORC), Tom W. Smith (NORC), and Peter Marsden (Harvard University); Data collection by National Opinion Research Center (NORC)

General Description:
The General Social Survey (GSS) is a major source of data on social attitudes and behaviors facilitating the study of social trends. Additionally, it is a source of trend data on family-related attitudes, marital happiness, and satisfaction with family.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Cross-sectional; The GSS was conducted annually from 1972 until 1978, then again in 1980, 1982 through 1991, 1993 and biennially since 1994. The most recent data was collected in 2000. The survey is conducted through personal interviews. Since 1985 the GSS has also had a cross-national component, the International Social Survey Program ( which measures many items on families, children, and fatherhood.

Population:
The GSS represents the total noninstitutionalized population of the U.S. ages 18 and older.

Sample Selection and Description:
An adult is randomly selected as the respondent. Individuals in households containing many adults are less likely to be selected for an interview. The full-probability GSS samples used since 1975 are designed to give each household an equal probability of inclusion in the sample. Thus for household-level variables, the GSS sample is self-weighting. In those households which are selected, selection procedures within the household give each eligible individual equal probability of being interviewed. There were over-samples of blacks in 1982 and 1987. There is a weight factor to adjust for all sampling issues.

Website:
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/GSS

Unit of Analysis:
Adult respondent.

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on row sizes less than 20 are not reported.

Age of Respondent:
18 years and older

Age of Child:
0 to 17 years old

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Parental Status -
Those who have had one or more children, ever, counting all those that were born alive at any time (including any from a previous marriage).

Poverty -
GSS respondents reported their income in categories therefore, it was unclear whether income for some respondents fell above or below the poverty threshold. These cases were designated "borderline poor." Poverty was not calculated for 1994, 1996, 1998, and 2000. For more detail see Ligon, E. (1988, September). Rationale and construction of poverty measures in the General Social Survey. Chicago: NORC.

Employment -
Respondents were asked "Last week were you working full time, part time, going to school, keeping house, or what?" Working Full time, Working Part time, Looking for work (Unemployed, laid off, looking for work), Not in Labor Force (retired, in school, keeping house, other). Respondents who did not work within the last week, but normally do were categorized accordingly.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
P1 - Importance of Becoming a Parent
P2 - Adults' Attitudes About the Value of Children
P3 - Parents: Can One Be As Good As Two?
P5 - Adults' Attitudes Toward Spanking
FF5 - Attitudes Toward Divorce
FF9 - Attitudes Toward Cohabitation
F6 - Number of Sexual Partners
F8 - Regular Sexual Intercourse
F10 - Attitudes Toward Abortion

Name:	General Social Survey (GSS)
Funder(s):	National Science Foundation
Principal Investigator:	James A. Davis (NORC), Tom W. Smith (NORC), and Peter Marsden (Harvard University); Data collection by National Opinion Research Center (NORC)
General Description:	The General Social Survey (GSS) is a major source of data on social attitudes and behaviors facilitating the study of social trends. Additionally, it is a source of trend data on family-related attitudes, marital happiness, and satisfaction with family.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Cross-sectional; The GSS was conducted annually from 1972 until 1978, then again in 1980, 1982 through 1991, 1993 and biennially since 1994. The most recent data was collected in 2000. The survey is conducted through personal interviews. Since 1985 the GSS has also had a cross-national component, the International Social Survey Program ( which measures many items on families, children, and fatherhood.
Population:	The GSS represents the total noninstitutionalized population of the U.S. ages 18 and older.
Sample Selection and Description:	An adult is randomly selected as the respondent. Individuals in households containing many adults are less likely to be selected for an interview. The full-probability GSS samples used since 1975 are designed to give each household an equal probability of inclusion in the sample. Thus for household-level variables, the GSS sample is self-weighting. In those households which are selected, selection procedures within the household give each eligible individual equal probability of being interviewed. There were over-samples of blacks in 1982 and 1987. There is a weight factor to adjust for all sampling issues.
Website:	http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/GSS
Unit of Analysis:	Adult respondent.
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on row sizes less than 20 are not reported.
Age of Respondent:	18 years and older
Age of Child:	0 to 17 years old
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Parental Status -	Those who have had one or more children, ever, counting all those that were born alive at any time (including any from a previous marriage).
Poverty -	GSS respondents reported their income in categories therefore, it was unclear whether income for some respondents fell above or below the poverty threshold. These cases were designated "borderline poor." Poverty was not calculated for 1994, 1996, 1998, and 2000. For more detail see Ligon, E. (1988, September). Rationale and construction of poverty measures in the General Social Survey. Chicago: NORC.
Employment -	Respondents were asked "Last week were you working full time, part time, going to school, keeping house, or what?" Working Full time, Working Part time, Looking for work (Unemployed, laid off, looking for work), Not in Labor Force (retired, in school, keeping house, other). Respondents who did not work within the last week, but normally do were categorized accordingly.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	P1 - Importance of Becoming a Parent P2 - Adults' Attitudes About the Value of Children P3 - Parents: Can One Be As Good As Two? P5 - Adults' Attitudes Toward Spanking FF5 - Attitudes Toward Divorce FF9 - Attitudes Toward Cohabitation F6 - Number of Sexual Partners F8 - Regular Sexual Intercourse F10 - Attitudes Toward Abortion

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

Name:
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

Funder(s):
Data collection is conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census under an interagency agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).

Principal Investigator:
National Center for Health Statistics

General Description:
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is the most comprehensive source of data about the health status and conditions of residents of the United States. Data are collected at the household, family, and person levels, and range from information about past and current disabilities and illnesses to health-related behaviors and occupation and income. In addition to the information collected about each person within each family, one adult and one child from each family are randomly selected as sample respondents and are asked a more detailed and extensive list of questions.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Cross-sectional; NHIS is a survey of a nationally-representative sample of households in the United States. The sample is based on a stratified multistage sampling design that is changed following each decennial census. The NHIS began in 1957 and has been conducted each year since then, with data released annually. Data used for this analysis were from interviews with one sample adult randomly selected from each family. Data are collected through personal household interviews with each family.

Population:
Civilian, non-institutionalized households within the United States

Sample Selection and Description:
The 2000 sample adult section of the NHIS had 32,374 respondents. The survey over-sampled for blacks and Hispanics.

Website:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

Unit of Analysis:
Adult respondents

Estimate Restrictions:
None

Age of Respondent:
18 and older

Age of Child:
Children not included in analysis

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Employment -
Persons who reported working at a job or business last week were asked how many hours they worked last week. Respondents who worked at least 35 hours last week were considered to be working full-time.

Race and Hispanic Origin-
Categories include white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, Hispanic and other non-Hispanic

Poverty -
Extreme poverty is defined as below 50% of the poverty level

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
Who is a Parent?

Name:	National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)
Funder(s):	Data collection is conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census under an interagency agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
Principal Investigator:	National Center for Health Statistics
General Description:	The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is the most comprehensive source of data about the health status and conditions of residents of the United States. Data are collected at the household, family, and person levels, and range from information about past and current disabilities and illnesses to health-related behaviors and occupation and income. In addition to the information collected about each person within each family, one adult and one child from each family are randomly selected as sample respondents and are asked a more detailed and extensive list of questions.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Cross-sectional; NHIS is a survey of a nationally-representative sample of households in the United States. The sample is based on a stratified multistage sampling design that is changed following each decennial census. The NHIS began in 1957 and has been conducted each year since then, with data released annually. Data used for this analysis were from interviews with one sample adult randomly selected from each family. Data are collected through personal household interviews with each family.
Population:	Civilian, non-institutionalized households within the United States
Sample Selection and Description:	The 2000 sample adult section of the NHIS had 32,374 respondents. The survey over-sampled for blacks and Hispanics.
Website:	http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm
Unit of Analysis:	Adult respondents
Estimate Restrictions:	None
Age of Respondent:	18 and older
Age of Child:	Children not included in analysis
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Employment -	Persons who reported working at a job or business last week were asked how many hours they worked last week. Respondents who worked at least 35 hours last week were considered to be working full-time.
Race and Hispanic Origin-	Categories include white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, Hispanic and other non-Hispanic
Poverty -	Extreme poverty is defined as below 50% of the poverty level
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	Who is a Parent?

National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)

Name:
National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)

Funder(s):
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation of Menlo Park, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the New York Community Trust, the American Foundation for AIDS Research, and the Ford Foundation.

Principal Investigator:
Edward Laumann (University of Chicago), Robert Michael (University of Chicago), Stuart Michaels (University of Chicago), and John Gagnon (SUNY-Stony Brook); data collection by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) - University of Chicago

General Description:
The NHSLS was conducted in order to provide useful and comprehensive information on the sexual behavior of the general population in the U.S.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Cross-sectional; The NHSLS was conducted from February to September of 1992. The survey was administered through one-time face-to-face interviews.

Population:
The NHSLS is representative of the population of all persons aged 18 to 59 with adequate English proficiency living in households located in the 50 states and DC. Persons living in institutions or groups quarters were excluded from the sample.

Sample Selection and Description:
An adult aged 18-59 was selected randomly from each household. The final data set contains 1,604 variables from a nationwide sample of 3,432 adults. Multistage area probability sampling design produced a cross-sectional sample of 3,159; and over-sampling of blacks and Hispanics produced a supplemental sample of 273.

Website:
http://cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/faqs/sex.htm

Unit of Analysis:
Adult respondent.

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on row sizes less than 20 are not reported.

Age of Respondent:
18 to 59 years old

Age of Child:
Not applicable

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Parental Status -
Parent is defined as an adult having one or more children under age 18 living in the household. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.

Poverty -
Poverty is a pre-defined variable in NHSLS, a dichotomous variable indicating whether respondent household income was less than the poverty line in the previous year.

Employment -
Employment status was determined by number of hours at job per week. Respondents were asked: if they worked for pay in a usual week, how many hours they worked for pay last week, at all jobs. It was not possible to break out 'not employed' respondents.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
F2 - Age at First Birth
F3 - Number of Pregnancies
F4 - Premarital Brith
F5 - Age at First Sexual Intercourse
F9 - Contraceptive Use
F11 - Incidence of Abortion

Name:	National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)
Funder(s):	Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation of Menlo Park, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the New York Community Trust, the American Foundation for AIDS Research, and the Ford Foundation.
Principal Investigator:	Edward Laumann (University of Chicago), Robert Michael (University of Chicago), Stuart Michaels (University of Chicago), and John Gagnon (SUNY-Stony Brook); data collection by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) - University of Chicago
General Description:	The NHSLS was conducted in order to provide useful and comprehensive information on the sexual behavior of the general population in the U.S.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Cross-sectional; The NHSLS was conducted from February to September of 1992. The survey was administered through one-time face-to-face interviews.
Population:	The NHSLS is representative of the population of all persons aged 18 to 59 with adequate English proficiency living in households located in the 50 states and DC. Persons living in institutions or groups quarters were excluded from the sample.
Sample Selection and Description:	An adult aged 18-59 was selected randomly from each household. The final data set contains 1,604 variables from a nationwide sample of 3,432 adults. Multistage area probability sampling design produced a cross-sectional sample of 3,159; and over-sampling of blacks and Hispanics produced a supplemental sample of 273.
Website:	http://cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/faqs/sex.htm
Unit of Analysis:	Adult respondent.
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on row sizes less than 20 are not reported.
Age of Respondent:	18 to 59 years old
Age of Child:	Not applicable
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Parental Status -	Parent is defined as an adult having one or more children under age 18 living in the household. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.
Poverty -	Poverty is a pre-defined variable in NHSLS, a dichotomous variable indicating whether respondent household income was less than the poverty line in the previous year.
Employment -	Employment status was determined by number of hours at job per week. Respondents were asked: if they worked for pay in a usual week, how many hours they worked for pay last week, at all jobs. It was not possible to break out 'not employed' respondents.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	F2 - Age at First Birth F3 - Number of Pregnancies F4 - Premarital Brith F5 - Age at First Sexual Intercourse F9 - Contraceptive Use F11 - Incidence of Abortion

National Household Education Survey Program (NHES)

Name:
National Household Education Survey Program (NHES)

Funder(s):
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), U.S. Department of Education

Principal Investigator:
Chris Chapman, NCES

General Description:
The National Household Education Survey Program provides information on education-related issues, such as the care arrangements and educational experiences of young children, children's educational activities and the role of the family in the children's learning, and parental involvement in their children's schooling.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Cross-sectional; The NHES was conducted in 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, and 2001 via computer-assisted telephone interviews. There are plans to continue in 2003 and periodically thereafter.

Population:
The NHES is a representative sample of the non-institutionalized civilian population of the U.S.

Sample Selection and Description:
In each survey, between 54,000 and 64,000 households are screened. One or more household members may be selected to complete more extensive interviews on specific topics. The NHES design also over-samples minorities for reliable estimates for these groups. In 1996, 21,000 parents of children from age 3 through 12^th grade were interviewed. In 1999, 24,000 parents of children from newborns up to 12th grade were interviewed.

Website:
http://nces.ed.gov/nhes

Unit of Analysis:
Child

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on row sizes less than 30 are not reported.

Age of Respondent:
18 to 65 years old

Age of Child:
In 1996 questions were asked about children 3 years old up to 12^th grade. In 1999 questions were asked about newborn children up to 12^th grade.

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Parental Status -
Parent is defined as an adult having one or more of their own children, under age 18, living in the household. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent. Parental status is based on the household member's relationship to the sampled child.

Family Structure -
Based on whether a father and mother reside in the home with the child.

Poverty -
Poverty estimates for 1991 and 1993 are not comparable to later years because respondents were not asked about their exact household income.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests. Bonferroni adjustments were made for statements requiring multiple t-tests.

Indicators:
P17 - Parental Participation in Child's School Activities

Name:	National Household Education Survey Program (NHES)
Funder(s):	National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), U.S. Department of Education
Principal Investigator:	Chris Chapman, NCES
General Description:	The National Household Education Survey Program provides information on education-related issues, such as the care arrangements and educational experiences of young children, children's educational activities and the role of the family in the children's learning, and parental involvement in their children's schooling.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Cross-sectional; The NHES was conducted in 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, and 2001 via computer-assisted telephone interviews. There are plans to continue in 2003 and periodically thereafter.
Population:	The NHES is a representative sample of the non-institutionalized civilian population of the U.S.
Sample Selection and Description:	In each survey, between 54,000 and 64,000 households are screened. One or more household members may be selected to complete more extensive interviews on specific topics. The NHES design also over-samples minorities for reliable estimates for these groups. In 1996, 21,000 parents of children from age 3 through 12^th grade were interviewed. In 1999, 24,000 parents of children from newborns up to 12th grade were interviewed.
Website:	http://nces.ed.gov/nhes
Unit of Analysis:	Child
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on row sizes less than 30 are not reported.
Age of Respondent:	18 to 65 years old
Age of Child:	In 1996 questions were asked about children 3 years old up to 12^th grade. In 1999 questions were asked about newborn children up to 12^th grade.
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Parental Status -	Parent is defined as an adult having one or more of their own children, under age 18, living in the household. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent. Parental status is based on the household member's relationship to the sampled child.
Family Structure -	Based on whether a father and mother reside in the home with the child.
Poverty -	Poverty estimates for 1991 and 1993 are not comparable to later years because respondents were not asked about their exact household income.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests. Bonferroni adjustments were made for statements requiring multiple t-tests.
Indicators:	P17 - Parental Participation in Child's School Activities

National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health)

Name:
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health)

Funder(s):
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and 17 other federal agencies

Principal Investigator:
J. Richard Udry (University of North Carolina); Fieldwork was conducted by the National Opinion Research Center - University of Chicago.

General Description:
The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) focuses on the causes of health-related behaviors of adolescents, collecting data from surveys of students, parents, and school administrators.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Longitudinal; Four surveys were conducted during Wave I (1994 through 1995) consisting of in-school, in-home, school administrator, and parent surveys. Wave II (1996) consisted of in-home and school administrator surveys. Wave III (expected to be available in Fall 2002) will consist of an in-home survey. Wave I (1995) was made up of subjects in grades 7-12. Wave II (1996) was made up of these subjects one year later (grades 8-12), but did not include those who were 12th graders at Wave I. Already existing databases provided information about neighborhoods and communities. Questionnaires were administered directly to students using Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) and Computer-Assisted Self-Interview (CASI) systems.

Population:
Representative sample of students in grades 7 through 12 in the U.S.

Sample Selection and Description:
The Wave I In-School Survey collected information from 90,188 students in 80 pairs of schools (each pair consisted of one high school and one of its feeder middle schools, or a single school if it included grades 7 to 12). Approximately 200 adolescents from each school pair were selected for in-home interviews at Wave I; however, in 16 schools, in-home interviews were conducted with all students in order to collect information about adolescent social networks. The sample size for the Wave I In-home Survey was 20,745. The Wave II In-Home Survey sampled 14,738 adolescents who participated in the Wave I survey. The study over-sampled African Americans with college-educated parents, Chinese, Cuban, Puerto Rican, and physically-disabled adolescents (although this sample seems to be less reliable than the others) as well as genetic samples of pairs of siblings who resided in the same household (twins, full and half-siblings, and unrelated teens in the same household). In addition, in-home interviews were conducted with all students from 16 samples schools (versus the approximately 200 adolescents selected for in-home interviews from each of the other pairs of schools) in order to collect information about adolescent social networks.

Website:
http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/

Unit of Analysis:
Adolescent respondent

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on row sizes less than 25 are note reported.

Age of Respondent:
Adolescents in grades 7 to 12

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Family Structure -
Family structure is based on the living arrangements of the adolescent. The step-parent category includes cohabiting (nonmarried) partners of the biological parent.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
P9 - Degree of Closeness Adolescent Feels Toward Parent
P16 - Religious Activities With Children

Name:	National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health)
Funder(s):	National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and 17 other federal agencies
Principal Investigator:	J. Richard Udry (University of North Carolina); Fieldwork was conducted by the National Opinion Research Center - University of Chicago.
General Description:	The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) focuses on the causes of health-related behaviors of adolescents, collecting data from surveys of students, parents, and school administrators.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Longitudinal; Four surveys were conducted during Wave I (1994 through 1995) consisting of in-school, in-home, school administrator, and parent surveys. Wave II (1996) consisted of in-home and school administrator surveys. Wave III (expected to be available in Fall 2002) will consist of an in-home survey. Wave I (1995) was made up of subjects in grades 7-12. Wave II (1996) was made up of these subjects one year later (grades 8-12), but did not include those who were 12th graders at Wave I. Already existing databases provided information about neighborhoods and communities. Questionnaires were administered directly to students using Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) and Computer-Assisted Self-Interview (CASI) systems.
Population:	Representative sample of students in grades 7 through 12 in the U.S.
Sample Selection and Description:	The Wave I In-School Survey collected information from 90,188 students in 80 pairs of schools (each pair consisted of one high school and one of its feeder middle schools, or a single school if it included grades 7 to 12). Approximately 200 adolescents from each school pair were selected for in-home interviews at Wave I; however, in 16 schools, in-home interviews were conducted with all students in order to collect information about adolescent social networks. The sample size for the Wave I In-home Survey was 20,745. The Wave II In-Home Survey sampled 14,738 adolescents who participated in the Wave I survey. The study over-sampled African Americans with college-educated parents, Chinese, Cuban, Puerto Rican, and physically-disabled adolescents (although this sample seems to be less reliable than the others) as well as genetic samples of pairs of siblings who resided in the same household (twins, full and half-siblings, and unrelated teens in the same household). In addition, in-home interviews were conducted with all students from 16 samples schools (versus the approximately 200 adolescents selected for in-home interviews from each of the other pairs of schools) in order to collect information about adolescent social networks.
Website:	http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/
Unit of Analysis:	Adolescent respondent
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on row sizes less than 25 are note reported.
Age of Respondent:	Adolescents in grades 7 to 12
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Family Structure -	Family structure is based on the living arrangements of the adolescent. The step-parent category includes cohabiting (nonmarried) partners of the biological parent.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	P9 - Degree of Closeness Adolescent Feels Toward Parent P16 - Religious Activities With Children

National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM)

Name:
National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM)

Funder(s):
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)

Principal Investigator:
Freya L. Sonenstein, Ph.D.,Director, Population Studies Center, The Urban Institute

General Description:
The NSAM provides information on the adolescent male population including: demographic characteristics, family background, educational history and aspirations; sexual, contraceptive and HIV-related behaviors; use of alcohol and drugs, attitudes about condom use; gender role attitudes; and knowledge about sex, AIDS and contraception.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Longitudinal; Data was collected for two cohorts. The first cohort was collected in three waves: 1988, 1990-1991, and 1995. Data for the second cohort was collected in 1995 only. It is a household-based survey collected primarily through face-to-face interviews and the most sensitive topics were assessed with self-administered questionnaires.

Population:
The two cohorts of the NSAM represent the adolescent male population ranging from age 15 to 27 in the U.S. Only never married, non-institutionalized males were sampled.

Sample Selection and Description:
Old cohort: 1,880 males age 15-19 in 1988; 1,676 males age 16-21 in 1990-1991; and 1,377 males age 21-27 in 1995. New cohort: 1,729 males age 15-19 in 1995. The survey over-sampled for blacks and Hispanics. For the estimates provided in this report the sample was limited to those who have ever had sex.

Website:
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/cpr/dbs/res_national3.htm

Unit of Analysis:
Adolescent male

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on cell sizes less than 25 are not reported.

Age of Respondent:
15 to 27 years old

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Parental Status -
Parent is defined as having had a live birth or adopting a child by the time of interview.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
F7 - Characteristics of Sexual Partners

Name:	National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM)
Funder(s):	National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
Principal Investigator:	Freya L. Sonenstein, Ph.D.,Director, Population Studies Center, The Urban Institute
General Description:	The NSAM provides information on the adolescent male population including: demographic characteristics, family background, educational history and aspirations; sexual, contraceptive and HIV-related behaviors; use of alcohol and drugs, attitudes about condom use; gender role attitudes; and knowledge about sex, AIDS and contraception.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Longitudinal; Data was collected for two cohorts. The first cohort was collected in three waves: 1988, 1990-1991, and 1995. Data for the second cohort was collected in 1995 only. It is a household-based survey collected primarily through face-to-face interviews and the most sensitive topics were assessed with self-administered questionnaires.
Population:	The two cohorts of the NSAM represent the adolescent male population ranging from age 15 to 27 in the U.S. Only never married, non-institutionalized males were sampled.
Sample Selection and Description:	Old cohort: 1,880 males age 15-19 in 1988; 1,676 males age 16-21 in 1990-1991; and 1,377 males age 21-27 in 1995. New cohort: 1,729 males age 15-19 in 1995. The survey over-sampled for blacks and Hispanics. For the estimates provided in this report the sample was limited to those who have ever had sex.
Website:	http://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/cpr/dbs/res_national3.htm
Unit of Analysis:	Adolescent male
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on cell sizes less than 25 are not reported.
Age of Respondent:	15 to 27 years old
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Parental Status -	Parent is defined as having had a live birth or adopting a child by the time of interview.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	F7 - Characteristics of Sexual Partners

National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH)

Name:
National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH)

Funder(s):
Wave 1: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Center for Population Research
Wave 2: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) & National Institute on Aging

Principal Investigator:
Larry Bumpass and Jim Sweet (University of Wisconsin-Madison). Field work carried out by Institute for Survey Research of Temple University.

General Description:
The National Survey of Families and Household (NSFH) was developed to gain more information on the causes and consequences of the changes in American family and household structure.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Longitudinal; Wave I data collection took place from 1987 to 1988. In Wave I, information about the primary respondent for each family was collected using a combination of personal interviews and self-administered questionnaires. A shorter self-administered questionnaire was also given to the primary respondent's spouse/partner. In addition information about one focal child (if there were any children in the family) was collected from the primary respondent. The Wave II, Five-Year Follow-Up was conducted from 1992 to 1994. In Wave II, personal interviews were conducted with the original respondent and his or her partner. Telephone interviews were conducted with the focal child and a randomly-selected parent of the original respondent. For original respondents with focal children ages 18 to 33 in 2001 - 2002, the NSFH Wave III Follow-Up will include telephone interviews with primary respondents, their spouses or cohabiting partners, and the eligible focal children. For original respondents without focal children ages 18 to 33 in 2001-2002, the Wave III Follow-Up will include only telephone interviews with primary respondents who are ages 45 or older and their spouses/cohabiting partners.

Population:
The NSFH is representative of the U.S. population of noninstitutionalized adults ages 19 and older who were able to be interviewed in either English or Spanish. Persons under the age of 19 were ineligible to be interviewed unless they were currently married or no one in the household was over age 19.

Sample Selection and Description:
Wave I consisted of a nationally-representative sample of 13,007 primary respondents, representing 9,637 households. The survey over-sampled minorities, single-parent families, parents with step-children, cohabiting persons and recently married persons. The sample size for Wave II was 10,008.

Website:
http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/nsfh/home.htm

Unit of Analysis:
For this report, the individual adult respondent

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on row sizes less than 20 are not reported.

Age of Respondent:
Primary respondent was 19 years old or older, cohabiter/spouse age was not limited.

Age of Child:
At Wave I - 0 to18 years old
At Wave II - only those 10 to 17 years old (short focal interview) or 18 to 23 years old (full focal interview)

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Parental Status -
Parent is defined as an adult having one or more of their own children, under age 18, living in the household. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.

Family Structure -
Presented in terms of the number of parents living in the household with the child.

Poverty -
The Poverty threshold is computed only if the primary respondent is the householder or spouse/partner of the householder. In Wave I published poverty thresholds for 1984 were used and adjusted to 1986 dollars [adjusting for the increase in the CPI]. For Wave II 1992 CPS data was used. Cohabiting couple households were treated in exactly the same way as married couple households in computing the poverty threshold.

Employment -
Employment was coded as standard occupation codes with some additions for military. The initial code structure tied employment to number of hours working per the last week before the interview as the entrée into employment status.

Cohabitation -
A respondent is considered to be "cohabiting" if they are living together with a partner and are not married to that partner.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
P11 - Conflict Between Parents and Adolescents
P18 - Encouragement of Children's School Achievement
FF7 - Age at First Cohabitation

Name:	National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH)
Funder(s):	Wave 1: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Center for Population Research Wave 2: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) & National Institute on Aging
Principal Investigator:	Larry Bumpass and Jim Sweet (University of Wisconsin-Madison). Field work carried out by Institute for Survey Research of Temple University.
General Description:	The National Survey of Families and Household (NSFH) was developed to gain more information on the causes and consequences of the changes in American family and household structure.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Longitudinal; Wave I data collection took place from 1987 to 1988. In Wave I, information about the primary respondent for each family was collected using a combination of personal interviews and self-administered questionnaires. A shorter self-administered questionnaire was also given to the primary respondent's spouse/partner. In addition information about one focal child (if there were any children in the family) was collected from the primary respondent. The Wave II, Five-Year Follow-Up was conducted from 1992 to 1994. In Wave II, personal interviews were conducted with the original respondent and his or her partner. Telephone interviews were conducted with the focal child and a randomly-selected parent of the original respondent. For original respondents with focal children ages 18 to 33 in 2001 - 2002, the NSFH Wave III Follow-Up will include telephone interviews with primary respondents, their spouses or cohabiting partners, and the eligible focal children. For original respondents without focal children ages 18 to 33 in 2001-2002, the Wave III Follow-Up will include only telephone interviews with primary respondents who are ages 45 or older and their spouses/cohabiting partners.
Population:	The NSFH is representative of the U.S. population of noninstitutionalized adults ages 19 and older who were able to be interviewed in either English or Spanish. Persons under the age of 19 were ineligible to be interviewed unless they were currently married or no one in the household was over age 19.
Sample Selection and Description:	Wave I consisted of a nationally-representative sample of 13,007 primary respondents, representing 9,637 households. The survey over-sampled minorities, single-parent families, parents with step-children, cohabiting persons and recently married persons. The sample size for Wave II was 10,008.
Website:	http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/nsfh/home.htm
Unit of Analysis:	For this report, the individual adult respondent
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on row sizes less than 20 are not reported.
Age of Respondent:	Primary respondent was 19 years old or older, cohabiter/spouse age was not limited.
Age of Child:	At Wave I - 0 to18 years old At Wave II - only those 10 to 17 years old (short focal interview) or 18 to 23 years old (full focal interview)
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Parental Status -	Parent is defined as an adult having one or more of their own children, under age 18, living in the household. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.
Family Structure -	Presented in terms of the number of parents living in the household with the child.
Poverty -	The Poverty threshold is computed only if the primary respondent is the householder or spouse/partner of the householder. In Wave I published poverty thresholds for 1984 were used and adjusted to 1986 dollars [adjusting for the increase in the CPI]. For Wave II 1992 CPS data was used. Cohabiting couple households were treated in exactly the same way as married couple households in computing the poverty threshold.
Employment -	Employment was coded as standard occupation codes with some additions for military. The initial code structure tied employment to number of hours working per the last week before the interview as the entrée into employment status.
Cohabitation -	A respondent is considered to be "cohabiting" if they are living together with a partner and are not married to that partner.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	P11 - Conflict Between Parents and Adolescents P18 - Encouragement of Children's School Achievement FF7 - Age at First Cohabitation

National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)

Name:
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)

Funder(s):
For Cycle 5: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) - Office of Population Affairs, Office of the Secretary, and the Children's Bureau, Administration for Children and Families (ACF); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHSTP); National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD).
For Cycle 6: Funders included those listed above as well as the CDC -Division of Reproductive Health (DRH) and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (OASPE).

Principal Investigator:
William Mosher, National Center for Health Statistics

General Description:
The NSFG was primarily designed to provide national information on childbearing, factors which affect childbearing, and related aspects of maternal and child health, particularly marriage, divorce, contraception, and infertility.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Cross-sectional; Survey conducted in 1973, 1976, 1982, 1988, and 1995. Personal interviews were conducted in the homes of a national sample of women (ages 15 to 44). In 2002 the NSFG will be conducted again, this time interviewing both men and women ages 15 to 44. Questionnaires for men and women will be similar but not identical. The interview will include a self-administered section done on laptop computers.

Population:
The NSFG is representative of the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the U.S.

Sample Selection and Description:
10,847 women were included in the 1995 sample. In 2002, up to 19,000 interviews will be conducted (including both men and women). The 1995 survey over-sampled for black and Latino women.

Website:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg.htm

Unit of Analysis:
Adult

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on a denominator less than 100 are not reported. In these tables, no denominators are smaller than 100, so no cells are suppressed.

Age of Respondent:
Interviewed women ages 15 to 44 of all marital statuses.

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Parental Status -
Women are coded as parent if they had ever had a live birth by the time of the interview and coded as nonparent otherwise.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
F7 - Characteristics of Sexual Partner

Name:	National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)
Funder(s):	For Cycle 5: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) - Office of Population Affairs, Office of the Secretary, and the Children's Bureau, Administration for Children and Families (ACF); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHSTP); National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). For Cycle 6: Funders included those listed above as well as the CDC -Division of Reproductive Health (DRH) and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (OASPE).
Principal Investigator:	William Mosher, National Center for Health Statistics
General Description:	The NSFG was primarily designed to provide national information on childbearing, factors which affect childbearing, and related aspects of maternal and child health, particularly marriage, divorce, contraception, and infertility.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Cross-sectional; Survey conducted in 1973, 1976, 1982, 1988, and 1995. Personal interviews were conducted in the homes of a national sample of women (ages 15 to 44). In 2002 the NSFG will be conducted again, this time interviewing both men and women ages 15 to 44. Questionnaires for men and women will be similar but not identical. The interview will include a self-administered section done on laptop computers.
Population:	The NSFG is representative of the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the U.S.
Sample Selection and Description:	10,847 women were included in the 1995 sample. In 2002, up to 19,000 interviews will be conducted (including both men and women). The 1995 survey over-sampled for black and Latino women.
Website:	http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg.htm
Unit of Analysis:	Adult
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on a denominator less than 100 are not reported. In these tables, no denominators are smaller than 100, so no cells are suppressed.
Age of Respondent:	Interviewed women ages 15 to 44 of all marital statuses.
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Parental Status -	Women are coded as parent if they had ever had a live birth by the time of the interview and coded as nonparent otherwise.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	F7 - Characteristics of Sexual Partner

Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)

Name:
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) - Child Development Supplement (CDS)

Funder(s):
Original funding agency: Office of Economic Opportunity of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Current major funding source: National Science Foundation. Additional funders: the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the U.S. Department of Labor.

Principal Investigator:
Frank Stafford, Jacquelyn S. Eccles, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Hiromi Ono; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan

General Description:
The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) emphasizes the dynamic aspects of economic and demographic behavior. The Child Development Supplement, which was used for this report, aims to provide comprehensive data on children and their families with which to study the dynamic process of early human capital formation.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Longitudinal; The data were collected annually from 1968 to 1997, and biennially starting in 1999. Information on 0 to 12 year old children was collected from the parents, teachers, and from the children themselves in 1997. The Child Development Supplement provides data on parents and their 0- to 12-year-old children, http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/child-development/home.html#A

Population:
The PSID reports on a representative sample of U.S. individuals (men, women, and children) and the family units in which they reside.

Sample Selection and Description:
Based on a probability sample of about 4,800 households, a combination of a cross-section of about 3,000 families selected from the Survey Research Center's master sampling frame and a subsample of about 2,000 families from the Census Bureau's Survey of Economic Opportunity. If the family has a child age twelve or younger, the entire PSID Household Unit was eligible for the Child Development Supplement. The Supplement had a sample of 2,394 child households and about 3,600 children. The data collection includes the following: (1) reliable, age graded assessments of the cognitive, behavioral, and health status of 3,563 children (including about 329 immigrant children), obtained from the mother, a second caregiver, an absent parent, the teacher, the school administrator, and the child; (2) a comprehensive accounting of parental and caregiver time inputs to children as well as other aspects of the way children and adolescents spend their time; (3) teacher-reported time use in elementary and preschool programs; and (4) other-than-time use measures of other resources for example, the learning environment in the home, teacher and administrator reports of school resources, and decennial-census-based measurement of neighborhood resources.

Website:
http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/psid/

Unit of Analysis:
P4 - All children ages 0-12 P6 - All children ages 0-12
P7 - All children ages 3-12 P8 - All children ages 0-12
P10 - All children ages 0-12 P14 - All children ages 0-12
P15 - All children ages 3-12

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on row sizes less than 20 are not reported.

Age of Respondent:
18 to 65 years old

Age of Child:
0 to 12 years old. Age of child calculated based on months.

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Parental Status -
Parent is defined as an adult having one or more of their own children under age 12 living in the household. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.

Family Structure -
Questions were asked of resident parents only. Family structure reflects the living arrangements the child, not the biological relationship to the child. For most indicators, the number of "father only" families was too small to report and are therefore not shown in the tables.

Poverty -
Poverty status based on income in the previous year.

Employment -
Employment status based on average hours worked over the last year. Due to the limited number of cases mothers and fathers who were working are not broken into "less than 35 hours per week" and "35 hours per week or more."

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
P4 - Parents' Beliefs About Raising Children
P6 - Parents' Responsibility For Children
P7 - Limit Setting
P8 - Conflict Resolution Styles in Families
P10 - Warmth and Affection
P14 - Time Spent With Children
P15 - Parents' Activities With Children

Name:	Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) - Child Development Supplement (CDS)
Funder(s):	Original funding agency: Office of Economic Opportunity of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Current major funding source: National Science Foundation. Additional funders: the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the U.S. Department of Labor.
Principal Investigator:	Frank Stafford, Jacquelyn S. Eccles, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Hiromi Ono; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
General Description:	The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) emphasizes the dynamic aspects of economic and demographic behavior. The Child Development Supplement, which was used for this report, aims to provide comprehensive data on children and their families with which to study the dynamic process of early human capital formation.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Longitudinal; The data were collected annually from 1968 to 1997, and biennially starting in 1999. Information on 0 to 12 year old children was collected from the parents, teachers, and from the children themselves in 1997. The Child Development Supplement provides data on parents and their 0- to 12-year-old children, http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/child-development/home.html#A
Population:	The PSID reports on a representative sample of U.S. individuals (men, women, and children) and the family units in which they reside.
Sample Selection and Description:	Based on a probability sample of about 4,800 households, a combination of a cross-section of about 3,000 families selected from the Survey Research Center's master sampling frame and a subsample of about 2,000 families from the Census Bureau's Survey of Economic Opportunity. If the family has a child age twelve or younger, the entire PSID Household Unit was eligible for the Child Development Supplement. The Supplement had a sample of 2,394 child households and about 3,600 children. The data collection includes the following: (1) reliable, age graded assessments of the cognitive, behavioral, and health status of 3,563 children (including about 329 immigrant children), obtained from the mother, a second caregiver, an absent parent, the teacher, the school administrator, and the child; (2) a comprehensive accounting of parental and caregiver time inputs to children as well as other aspects of the way children and adolescents spend their time; (3) teacher-reported time use in elementary and preschool programs; and (4) other-than-time use measures of other resources for example, the learning environment in the home, teacher and administrator reports of school resources, and decennial-census-based measurement of neighborhood resources.
Website:	http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/psid/
Unit of Analysis:	P4 - All children ages 0-12 P6 - All children ages 0-12 P7 - All children ages 3-12 P8 - All children ages 0-12 P10 - All children ages 0-12 P14 - All children ages 0-12 P15 - All children ages 3-12
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on row sizes less than 20 are not reported.
Age of Respondent:	18 to 65 years old
Age of Child:	0 to 12 years old. Age of child calculated based on months.
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Parental Status -	Parent is defined as an adult having one or more of their own children under age 12 living in the household. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.
Family Structure -	Questions were asked of resident parents only. Family structure reflects the living arrangements the child, not the biological relationship to the child. For most indicators, the number of "father only" families was too small to report and are therefore not shown in the tables.
Poverty -	Poverty status based on income in the previous year.
Employment -	Employment status based on average hours worked over the last year. Due to the limited number of cases mothers and fathers who were working are not broken into "less than 35 hours per week" and "35 hours per week or more."
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	P4 - Parents' Beliefs About Raising Children P6 - Parents' Responsibility For Children P7 - Limit Setting P8 - Conflict Resolution Styles in Families P10 - Warmth and Affection P14 - Time Spent With Children P15 - Parents' Activities With Children

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)

Name:
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)

Funder(s):
U.S. Bureau of the Census

Principal Investigator:
U.S. Bureau of the Census

General Description:
The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) is a major source of information on the economic and demographic situation of persons and families in the U.S.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Longitudinal; This is a continuous survey in which overlapping panels are added and existing panels are rotated out after completing their period of approximately two and a half to four years in the sample. From 1984 to 1993 the duration for each panel was approximately two and a half years. In 1996 a four year panel was introduced. In general each assigned household is interviewed once every four months and the reference period is the preceding four months. The four-month period of interviewing that it takes to give the entire panel the same interview schedule is called a wave. Beginning in February 1992, Waves 1, 2, and 6 are personal interviews, but Waves 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 are conducted by telephone. In addition to the core section, several "topical modules" are included. Topics covered by theses modules include personal history, child care, wealth, program eligibility, child support, disability, school enrollment, taxes, and annual income.

Population:
The SIPP represents the non-institutionalized civilian population (adults 15 years or older).

Sample Selection and Description:
Multi-staged stratified sample. Sample size ranges from approximately 14,000 to 36,700 interviewed households. The survey over-sampled for blacks, Hispanics and women with no spouse present and living with relatives. Households under 150% of the poverty level were also over-sampled.

In this report estimates are provided from the two topical modules: Child Care and Personal History. The Child Care Topical Module is asked of respondents who are the designated parents or guardians of children under age 15 who are living in the household. The Child Care Topical Module is asked of every panel. The Personal History Topical Module consists of eight submodules, of which one is reported in this book marital history. The Personal History Topical Module is asked of all persons age 15 years and older in the household. This module is asked once in every panel.

Website:
http://www.sipp.census.gov/sipp/

Unit of Analysis:
Indicators FF1, FF2, FF3 - Adult
Indicator P13 - Child. For this indicator all demographic information is based on Wave 2 of 1996 SIPP data. Since the information on child care was collected during the Wave 4, there is an 8 months difference between the demographic data and child care data. In particular, residential status of parents may have changed between the two waves but households were classified into two-parent families or single-parent families based on the residential status of parents at Wave 2.

Estimate Restrictions:
Estimates based on weighted cell sizes less than 20 are not reported.

Age of Respondent:
All household members 15 years old and over are interviewed by self-response, if possible; proxy response is permitted when household members are not available for interviewing. In this report, estimates are restricted to those respondents 18 years or older.

Age of Child:
P13 - Direct Care by Fathers indicator is based on children ages 0 to 5 years old.

Unique Demographic Descriptions:

Parental Status
Parent is defined as an adult living with one or more of their own children under age 18. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators: P13 -
Direct Care by Fathers
FF1 - Marriage
FF2 - Divorce
FF3 - Age at First Marriage and Divorce

Name:	Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
Funder(s):	U.S. Bureau of the Census
Principal Investigator:	U.S. Bureau of the Census
General Description:	The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) is a major source of information on the economic and demographic situation of persons and families in the U.S.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Longitudinal; This is a continuous survey in which overlapping panels are added and existing panels are rotated out after completing their period of approximately two and a half to four years in the sample. From 1984 to 1993 the duration for each panel was approximately two and a half years. In 1996 a four year panel was introduced. In general each assigned household is interviewed once every four months and the reference period is the preceding four months. The four-month period of interviewing that it takes to give the entire panel the same interview schedule is called a wave. Beginning in February 1992, Waves 1, 2, and 6 are personal interviews, but Waves 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 are conducted by telephone. In addition to the core section, several "topical modules" are included. Topics covered by theses modules include personal history, child care, wealth, program eligibility, child support, disability, school enrollment, taxes, and annual income.
Population:	The SIPP represents the non-institutionalized civilian population (adults 15 years or older).
Sample Selection and Description:	Multi-staged stratified sample. Sample size ranges from approximately 14,000 to 36,700 interviewed households. The survey over-sampled for blacks, Hispanics and women with no spouse present and living with relatives. Households under 150% of the poverty level were also over-sampled. In this report estimates are provided from the two topical modules: Child Care and Personal History. The Child Care Topical Module is asked of respondents who are the designated parents or guardians of children under age 15 who are living in the household. The Child Care Topical Module is asked of every panel. The Personal History Topical Module consists of eight submodules, of which one is reported in this book marital history. The Personal History Topical Module is asked of all persons age 15 years and older in the household. This module is asked once in every panel.
Website:	http://www.sipp.census.gov/sipp/
Unit of Analysis:	Indicators FF1, FF2, FF3 - Adult Indicator P13 - Child. For this indicator all demographic information is based on Wave 2 of 1996 SIPP data. Since the information on child care was collected during the Wave 4, there is an 8 months difference between the demographic data and child care data. In particular, residential status of parents may have changed between the two waves but households were classified into two-parent families or single-parent families based on the residential status of parents at Wave 2.
Estimate Restrictions:	Estimates based on weighted cell sizes less than 20 are not reported.
Age of Respondent:	All household members 15 years old and over are interviewed by self-response, if possible; proxy response is permitted when household members are not available for interviewing. In this report, estimates are restricted to those respondents 18 years or older.
Age of Child:	P13 - Direct Care by Fathers indicator is based on children ages 0 to 5 years old.
Unique Demographic Descriptions:
Parental Status	Parent is defined as an adult living with one or more of their own children under age 18. An individual who has had a child but is not currently living with a child would be classified as nonparent.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators: P13 -	Direct Care by Fathers FF1 - Marriage FF2 - Divorce FF3 - Age at First Marriage and Divorce

Vital Statistics

Name:
Vital Statistics

Funder(s):
National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Principal Investigator:
National Center for Health Statistics

General Description:
Vital Statistics is a major collection of data at the federal, state, and sub-state levels of births and deaths from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):
Data collection is continuous. Data is collected via birth, death, and fetal death records. All certificates are collected from the 50 states and the District of Columbia and reported to the Division of Vital Statistics. Monthly and annual reports of provisional data and annual and special subject reports based on final data are issued. All states have been included in the birth registration area since 1933.

Population:
All certificates are collected from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories, and reported to the Division of Vital Statistics.

Sample Selection and Description:
Not applicable

Website:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss.htm

Unit of Analysis:
Individual

Estimate Restrictions:
Not applicable. Data are collected from actual records.

Age of Respondent:
Records are included for all persons who have had a child.

Significance Level:
All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.

Indicators:
F1 Birth Rates

Name:	Vital Statistics
Funder(s):	National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Principal Investigator:	National Center for Health Statistics
General Description:	Vital Statistics is a major collection of data at the federal, state, and sub-state levels of births and deaths from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; periodicity; mode of administration):	Data collection is continuous. Data is collected via birth, death, and fetal death records. All certificates are collected from the 50 states and the District of Columbia and reported to the Division of Vital Statistics. Monthly and annual reports of provisional data and annual and special subject reports based on final data are issued. All states have been included in the birth registration area since 1933.
Population:	All certificates are collected from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories, and reported to the Division of Vital Statistics.
Sample Selection and Description:	Not applicable
Website:	http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss.htm
Unit of Analysis:	Individual
Estimate Restrictions:	Not applicable. Data are collected from actual records.
Age of Respondent:	Records are included for all persons who have had a child.
Significance Level:	All statements discussed in the text are significant at the .05 level, using two-tailed t-tests.
Indicators:	F1 Birth Rates

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Appendix A: Data Dictionary

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Appendix A:
Data Dictionary